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Evaluación del efecto de los organofosforados y carbamatos en el suelo de la parroquia rural Puerto Limón, Santo Domingo

Abstract:

According to the information gathered from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Aquaculture and Fisheries (MALAF), there are about 216,762 hectares of banana (barraganete, dominican, green and banana) in the area between the provinces of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas and El Oro, which are divided into 6,000 farms, from where are obtained around 5.85 million tons of banana; also, more than 2.52 million kilos of agrochemicals are dispersed each year in the banana regions. Due to the above, the environment has been adversely affected by the continuous and sometimes excessive use of pesticides in agricultural plantations, aspect that is exacerbated by the mismanagement of waste and the inadequate disposal of container bins. The residues of these chemical substances are distributed among the environmental matrixes, becoming pollutant agents for biotic and abiotic systems, interfering with their stability and generating risk factors for public health. The physical and chemical properties of the pesticide residues are modified by the environmental conditions of the application site, such as climate, soil geomorphology, hydrogeology and meteorology, increasing its environmental mobility and toxicity. The executed investigation evaluated the effects of organophosphates and carbamates on the soil of the rural parish of Puerto Limón, under laboratory conditions at the Universidad de las Americas. The results indicated that pesticides such as malathion and mancozeb significantly affect some chemical edaphic soil factors, such as electrical conductivity and organic matter content; in addition, they affected the dynamic, diversity and population percentage of edaphic microorganisms (bacteria and fungi), generating a decrease in them. The obtained treatments, that showed the best results according to the statistical analysis, were those executed with low and high doses of both pesticides, plus the use of humate; this substance constitutes a blocking agent for the harmful effects of agrochemicals over the microbial dynamics, since only in these treatments, the survival of two of the microbial strains initially identified in the virgin soils was observed; the above described allows to conclude that these soils present better possibilities of recovery. Finally, with the obtained data, practical recommendations were developed for the use of humic protectors in conjunction with pesticides in the control of farming pests, as humate acted as a protective agent for microbial diversity, pesticide enhancer and chelating agent for micro elements. These recommendations will be sent, presented and socialized to farmers in the rural parish of Puerto Limón.