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3. Albert Einstein and the creation of the quantum theory of the photoelectric effect. As is

Abstract:

known, the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect is the change in the electrical properties of a substance by electromagnetic radiation (light, gamma rays, ultraviolet, X-ray, and other rays)[8]. In physics today known [4, 7]: the external photoelectric effect (the emission of the substance outside the electrons when exposed to light); internal photoelectric effect (change in electrical resistance of matter under the influence of the quanta of the electromagnetic field); photovoltaic effect (the appearance of the electromotive force in the matter under the influence of solar radiation); nuclear photoelectric effect (the emergence of a nuclear reaction in the material under the action of gamma rays). Next, we will focus on the external photoelectric effect or photoelectric effect. It is known that this effect was observed in 1887, one of the founders of classical electrodynamics, the eminent German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) the first experimentally proved in 1888 the existence of electromagnetic waves [3, 6]. Thus Hertz found that electric discharge in the air between two metal electrodes occurs more rapidly or at a lower voltage between the electrodes in the case of illumination luminous flux of the discharge gap containing ultraviolet rays. The physical explanation of the photoelectric effect from the standpoint of the emerging quantum mechanics was given in 1906 by the outstanding German theoretical physicist Albert Einstein (1879-1955) shown in Fig. 3.