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PCNL in Special Situations

Abstract:

Some renal anatomical situations pose significant challenges for the treatment of lithiasis with minimally invasive techniques such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). In this chapter, we summarize the generalities, diagnosis, treatment options, technique considerations, complications, and results for the treatment of large stones with PCNL in circumstances such as calyceal diverticula, ectopic (pelvic) kidneys, transplanted kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, spinal deformities and in pregnant patients.