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Substituent Effects in the Thermal Decomposition of 1,2,4-Triazol-3(2H)-Ones and Their Thione Analogues: A DFT Study with Functional Performance

Abstract:

This computational study investigates the thermal decomposition of 1,2,4-triazol-3(2H)-ones and their thione analogues using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The reaction proceeds via a concerted, six-membered cyclic transition state, primarily driven by the breaking of the N–N bond. A key finding is that the accuracy of the calculated activation energies (Ea) strongly depends on the choice of DFT functional. For sulfur-containing systems (thiones), the hybrid functional APFD (with 25% Hartree–Fock exchange) provides the most reliable results, effectively describing their higher polarizability. In contrast, for oxygen-containing systems (triazolones), the dispersion-corrected functional B97D-GD3BJ (with 0% Hartree–Fock exchange) delivers superior accuracy by better modeling electrostatic and dispersion interactions. The -CH<inf>2</inf>CH<inf>2</inf>CN group at the N-2 position acts not only as a protecting group but also stabilizes the transition state through non-covalent interactions. Electron-withdrawing substituents slightly increase the E<inf>a</inf>, while electron-donating groups decrease it. Sulfur analogues consistently show significantly lower activation energies (by ~40 kJ/mol) than their oxygen counterparts, explaining their experimentally observed faster decomposition. This work establishes a dual-methodology computational framework for accurately predicting the kinetics of these reactions, providing valuable insights for the regioselective synthesis of biologically relevant triazole derivatives via controlled pyrolysis.