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Nanocatalysts for Advanced Oxidation Processes in Heterogeneous Systems Characteristics, Classification, and Future Perspective

Abstract:

Advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) are technologies in which an oxidizing agent degrades organic molecules until their total mineralization. Therefore, this makes AOPs a promising alternative in the treatment of industrial effluents. The AOPs that most stand out are catalytic processes due to the efficient use of the oxidizing agent and the complete conversion of the pollutant into carbon dioxide and water. Studies related to the use of catalysts aim at optimizing their performance. Optimization strategies include maximization of the contact area, the functional groups, and the active sites. The particle size and porosity of the catalysts are characteristics that influence the efficiency of heterogeneous systems. Scientific research in this area focuses efforts on synthesis methods and the improvement of existing catalysts. Some of the solids with the best characteristics for catalysis are nanocatalysts, which have particle sizes of less than 300 nm and rough surfaces that allow full contact between the molecules of the degradation system. Advances in research signify that there is currently a great diversity of nanocatalysts with varied characteristics and purposes, thus making the identification, classification, and study of the behavior of these materials complicated. This chapter presents the advances in the development of nanocatalysts, classification according to the most relevant characteristics, an analysis of the synthesis process, and uses in the treatment of industrial effluents. Another aspect analyzed is the composition of the substituent groups in the active sites of nanocatalysts, such as amino and hydroxyl groups, characteristic of biogenic processes. Finally, the chapter discusses the perspectives of heterogeneous catalysis with nanomaterials, the challenges to be faced, and consideration to increase the efficiency of the degradation processes.