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Residential water consumption in urban and rural areas of Ecuador: an analysis of its determinants

Abstract:

This study analyzes the main determinants of household water consumption in Ecuador’s urban and rural areas. An interquartile econometric regression framework is applied using a two-stage estimation strategy. Household-level water consumption constitutes the dependent variable, while explanatory factors include economic characteristics, sociodemographic attributes, technological conditions, environmental behavior, and climatic indicators. The empirical findings indicate that income, geographic location, gender, marital status, household size, access to drinking water sources, adoption of water-saving technologies, as well as temperature and precipitation patterns, play a significant role in shaping residential water demand. From a policy perspective, the results highlight the relevance of implementing efficiency-oriented tariff structures aimed at curbing household water use while promoting long-term sustainability. Furthermore, given the predominance of publicly managed water supply systems, ensuring universal access to safe drinking water through public provision remains a critical priority for Ecuador. These insights align with SDG 6, which emphasizes the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.