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Areas of endemicity of leishmaniasis vectors.

Abstract:

Sandflies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) are vectors of different pathogens such as: Bartolenosis, Flavivirus, Flebovirus, and leishmaniasis. In the Neotropics, leishmaniasis has three clinical forms: cutaneous (LC), mucosa (LM) and visceral (LV). Currently there are 56,000 and 3,800 cases per year of LC and LM, respectively; LC is an endemic disease in 18 countries, while LV occurs in 12 nations, with 96% of cases in Brazil. Particularly, Venezuela presents 18% of the sandfly species and 98% of leishmaniasis is associated with LC. Biogeographic studies will allow to provide new evidence on the origin and distribution of these vectors. Through the CNRFV collection, records were obtained for 98 species of Phlebotominae from Venezuela. Then the data was georeferenced and 1,343 records were obtained. The NDM program was used to determine areas of endemism (AE) with different grid sizes and filling: 0.25 ºx0. 25º, 0.5 ºx0. 5º; fill 20/50; ass 50/100. Two endemism patterns were obtained: The first one in the Northwest region (IE> 2.00) with the species: Pintomyia nadiae, P. aulari, P. amilcari and Lutzomyia ignacioi, and another to the South in the Amazon (IE> 6.00) with species included in the genera: Brumptomyia, Bichromomyia, Evandromyia, Micropygomyia, Nyssomyia, Psathyromyia, Psychodopygus and Trichophoromyia. Some AE coincided with distribution patterns for LC in the North of the country, and LV in the South. From the epidemiological point of view, the main LC and LV vectors (Pintomyia evansi, P. ovallesi, Lutzomyia longipalpis and L. pseudolongipalpis) were distributed to the North, where the human population is concentrated.