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Assessment of Hypothetical Nitrogen Dioxide and Particulate Matter Concentration Interventions on Asthma Incidence in Southern Californian Children: A Causal Inference Approach

Abstract:

Numerous observational studies have linked air pollution with incident childhood asthma. We implemented g-computation, a method based in the counterfactual framework, to estimate the effect on asthma of hypothetical air pollution interventions in a population of Southern California children. We used data from the three cohorts in the Southern California Children’s Health Study (recruited in 1993, 1996, and 2002) with prospectively identified incident asthma cases and continuously monitored nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5). Multilevel Poisson regression models were developed to estimate the relation between asthma incidence and baseline year annual average pollution concentration, adjusted for potential confounders. For both NO2 and PM2.5 we estimated the effect on asthma of 1) remaining at 1993 concentrations—the highest of all three time points—and 2) several …