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Characterization and application of biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles using Citrus paradisi peel: A sustainable approach

Abstract:

In the present study, iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) were firstly synthesized using non-edible peel extracts of Citrus paradisi, which is abundantly available in the Andean Region, Latin America. Characterizations techniques like Visual, U.V.–Vis spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with Selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X- ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed for characterization of as-prepared material in terms of size, morphology, composition and structure. Furthermore, based on the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, a possible synthesis mechanism was proposed for the synthesis of FeONPs. The DLS shows that the FeONPs with average size of 27.1 ± 13.9 nm and TEM analysis confirms that the FeONPs are mostly spherical shape, aggregating in nature with an average size of 28–32 nm, respectively. XRD confirmed the existence of Fe3O4, α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticle mixture, whereas TG analysis indicated that the nanoparticles contain 76% metal,16% adsorbed moisture and 8% capping ligand. Finally, as prepared iron nanoparticles exhibited antioxidant activities against 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (>15%, 100 µg) and also they were used for the treatment of different synthetic dyes (Methyl Rose, MR; Methylene Blue, MB and Methyl Orange, MO) to evaluate their adsorbity. The different decolourization percentages were obtained for the dyes MR (96.65%, 50 mg/L), MB (80.76%, 10 mg/L) and MO (89.64%,10 mg/L), respectively for 6 h at 25 °C. As a result, the use of agricultural waste as Citrus paradisi peel in nanoscience offers a sustainable, low cost, non toxic and friendly to the environment compared to other synthetic methods.